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This culture was a stable one, rooted in a well-defined, if not already clearly delineated, geographical environment and this aspect distinguished it from steppe cultures, although it was not yet itself wholly sedentary. 490вЂ“425), gave us his unforgettable account of this civilization. These date to the 6th-5th centuries B.C.E., the period of the major royal Achaemenid inscriptions and shortly before the time when Herodotus (q.v., ca. The actual routes taken by the Iranian tribes to their first historical sites remain controversial (Ghirshman), but in any case it is only on the Iranian plateau and within its mountainous limits that we perceive for the first time what one may call an Iranian culture represented in historical texts. It is in any case impossible to make too fine a distinction between this particular culture and that of the much larger whole which one might call a culture of the steppes, one common to very diverse linguistic families (Iranian, Turco-Mongol, Finno-Ugric, and even Tibetan) and one which is very different from Iranian culture in the more restricted sense of the term. It may be that the most ancient evidence is to be found in lower Central Asia with the Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranian culture of Andronovo during the third-second millennia B.C.E. The geographical framework of this culture is generally acknowledged today to include the entire Iranian plateau and its bordering plains (see GEOGRAPHY), notwithstanding the original and specific location where the Iranian branch first distinguished itself from other Indo-European languages.

Geographical elements relating to Iranian culture. This article intends to examine the relationship between Iranian culture and its natural environment and to analyze, in the context of the historical geography of the Iranian lands, the original foundations that contributed to its genesis, vitality, and capacity for resistance and self-preservation. Yet Iranian culture was able to preserve its identity, even finding in modern times, in its contemporary Persian form, a venue for renewed vigor. Later it was caught in the powerful grip of invasions by Arabs and Turks-the last great mass movements which re-drew the ethnic map of Eurasia and North Africa in a relatively short span of time.

Iranian culture is inseparable from the geographical space within which it was formed and crystallized, and from which, during the Achaemenid period, it expanded considerably to bordering regions. Many of the points touched on in these articles can be explored in separate entries under the individual keywords. These provide an overview of the unifying factors which constitute Iran through time and across space, while also showing the complexity and heterogeneity of the components of Iranian culture.

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The following series of sub-entries will expand on the above definition. The adjective is applied, independently of political boundaries, as an ethnolinguistic descriptor (вЂњIranian languagesвЂќ) and a cultural descriptor (see GEOGRAPHY). *AryДЃnДЃm вЂњof the AryansвЂќ ), name of the modern political state, also used, as noun or adjective (e.g., вЂњIranian plateauвЂќ), as a geographical term. The following sub-entries will provide an overview of the unifying factors which constitute Iran through time and across space, while also showing the complexity and heterogeneity of the components of Iranian culture.ДЄ version of this article is available in print

RELIGIONS IN IRAN (1) Pre-Islamic (1.2.) Manicheism RELIGIONS IN IRAN (1) Pre-Islamic (1.1) Overview IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (6) Old Iranian Languages IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (5) Indo-Iranian

IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (4) Origins of the Iranian Languages IRANIAN HISTORY (3) Chronological Table of Events

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